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List Of University Of Southern California People

List of University of Southern California people

This is a list of notable alumni, faculty, and students, from the University of Southern California.

Alumni and students

Academia

- Leo Buscaglia - Educator, best-selling author
- George V. Chilingar - World-renowned mining engineer
- Howard P. House - Ear specialist and founder of the House Ear Institute
- Ellis O. Knox - Educator, first African-American to be awarded a Ph.D. on the West Coast
- Bart Kosko - Intelligent systems expert and science fiction writer
- Vijay Kumar - Pioneer of quaternary error-correction codes
- Max More - Philosopher and futurist, founder of Extropy Institute
- Surya Prakash - Superacid specialist and one of the inventors of the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
- Rangaswamy Srinivasan - Discoverer of Ablative Photodecomposition (APD) and inventor of the LASIK procedure
- Andrew Viterbi - Inventor of the Viterbi algorithm, CDMA, co-founder of Qualcomm and benefactor of the Viterbi School of Engineering

Arts and Media

- Herb Alpert - Musician, co-founder of A&M Records
- Peter Arbogast - Los Angeles-based sportscaster and currently the school's football play-by-play announcer
- Hugh Beaumont - Actor, television director, and Methodist minister
- John Beradino - Baseball player and actor (General Hospital)
- Richard Biggs - Actor
- Harry Blackstone Jr. - Actor and magician
- Art Buchwald - Author and columnist, Pulitzer Prize winner
- Harold Budd - Ambient/avant-garde composer
- LeVar Burton - Actor
- John Carpenter - Film director
- Harry Wayne Casey - Founder of KC and the Sunshine Band
- Julie Chen - Host of the CBS television show Big Brother and anchorwoman on the CBS television show The Early Show
- Annabel Chong - porn actress; famous for having sex with 80 men on camera in The World's Biggest Gang Bang
- Nadine Connor - Opera star
- Samantha Cowles-Eagan - Actress
- Sam Donaldson - Journalist
- Anthony Edwards - Film and television actor
- Dorothy Fay - Actress
- Will Ferrell - Actor and comedian
- Joe Francis - Adult film producer
- Frank Gehry - Architect, Pritzker Prize winner
- Jerry Goldsmith - Film score composer
- Brian Grazer - Film and television producer
- Kevin Hagen - Actor
- Conrad Hall - Cinematographer
- D.J. Hall - Artist/painter
- Lionel Hampton - Jazz musican
- Dexter Holland - Singer and guitarist for The Offspring
- Mark S. Holmes - Award-winning architect LPA, Inc., Irvine, CA
- James Hong - Actor
- Marilyn Horne - Opera singer
- James Horner - Composer
- Ron Howard - Film director
- James Ivory - Film director
- Jon Jerde - Architect
- Raj Kamal Jha - author
- Cliff Johnson - Author of award-winning computer puzzle games
- Howard G. Kazanjian - Film producer
- Irvin Kershner - Film director
- Gary Kurtz - Film producer
- Swoosie Kurtz - Tony Award-winning actor
- Michael Landon - Actor
- Morten Lauridsen - Composer
- Lisa Ling - Former co-host of The View
- George Lucas - Film director
- Albert C. Martin - Architect
- Thom Mayne - Architect, principal of Morphosis, and Pritzker Prize laureate
- Kerry McCluggage - Film / TV Executive and Producer
- Mark McGrath - Musican, the lead singer of Sugar Ray
- John Milius - Film director and screenwriter
- Herman Miller (writer) - Writer and Producer
- Miles Millar - Screenwriter and producer
- Walter Murch - Film editor
- Joan Lowery Nixon - Journalist and author
- Petros Papadakis - former USC RB, now a sportscaster on Fox TV and KMPC radio in L.A.
- Christopher Parkening - Classical guitarist, best known for his interpretations of Johann Sebastian Bach
- Fess Parker - Screen and television actor
- Sam Peckinpah - Film director
- Kelly Preston - Actress
- Ke Huy Quan - Actor and stuntman
- John Ritter - Actor
- Robert Rodat - Screenwriter
- Jay Roach - Film director and producer
- Josh Schwartz - Producer and creator of The O.C.
- Tom Selleck - Actor
- Ally Sheedy - Actress
- Cybill Shepherd - Actress
- Bryan Singer - Film director
- John Singleton - Film director
- Stephen Sommers - Film director
- Robert Stack - Actor
- Sharon Stello - Reporter Davis Enterprise
- Eric Stolz - Actor
- Tim Story - Film director
- Irving Stone - Writer, known for biographical novels of famous historical personalities
- Kathleen Sullivan - Broadcast journalist
- Salli Terri - Singer and songwriter
- Marlo Thomas - Actor and writer
- Michael Tilson Thomas - Conductor and music director of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra
- Ron Underwood - Film director
- Jack Warner - Movie maker and founder of Warner Brothers Studios
- John Wayne - Actor
- Forest Whitaker - Actor, director, and producer
- Paul R. Williams - Architect, first African American member of the American Institute of Architects
- David Wolper - Film and television producer
- Marvin Young (more popularly known as Young MC) - Rapper, producer, and writer
- Robert Zemeckis - Film director

New Media

- Arash Markazi - contributor to SI.com and other online new media ventures; former Daily Trojan reporter
- Brendan Loy - IrishTrojan.com blogger, was most cited non-news source on Hurricane Katrina; former Daily Trojan reporter

Astronauts

- Neil Armstrong - First human on the Moon
- Karol J. Bobko
- Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
- Gerald P. Carr
- Nancy J. Currie
- William H. Dana
- Brian Duffy
- Henry C. Gordon
- Jerry M. Linenger
- Carlos I. Noriega
- Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr.

Business

- Dan Bane - CEO of Trader Joe's
- Marc Benioff - Founder and CEO of Salesforce.com
- David Bohnett - Founder and former CEO of Geocities.com
- Stephen Bridge - CEO of Frontier Technology Inc.
- Jerry Buss - Owner of Los Angeles Lakers
- Simon Cao - Founder of Avanex
- Scott Cook - Co-founder and chairman of Intuit, Inc.
- Henry Caruso - Founder of Dollar Rent-A-Car
- Kenneth C. Dahlberg - President and CEO of Science Applications International Corporation
- Feng Deng - Co-founder of NetScreen Technologies, Inc.
- Daniel Epstein - Chairman and CEO of ConArm Group
- Yang Ho Cho - President and CEO of Korean Airlines
- Bradley Wayne Hughes - Founder of Public Storage
- James G. Hunt - Associate General Counsel of MetLife
- James Jannard - Founder of Oakley Sunglasses
- Bruce Karatz - Charmain and CEO of KB Home
- Ken Klein - Chairman, president and CEO of Wind River
- Terrence Lanni - Chairman and CEO of MGM Mirage
- Jack Lindquist - Former president of Disneyland
- General William Lyon - Chairman and CEO of William Lyon Homes
- Michelle Manning - President of Production Paramount Pictures
- Mike Markkula - Co-founder and former CEO of Apple Computer, Inc.
- Frank McCourt Jr - Owner of Los Angeles Dodgers
- Bob McKnight - Chairman and CEO of Quiksilver
- Brian Mulligan - Former chairman of Fox Television
- Paul Orfalea - Founder of Kinko's
- Andrall Pearson - Founder of Yum! Brands, Inc.
- Sol Price - Founder of Price Club (now Costco)
- Charles Prince - Chairman and CEO of Citigroup
- Linda Johnson Rice - President and CEO of Johnson Publishing
- D. Kenneth Richardson - President emeritus, Hughes Electronics
- Edward P. Roski - Chairman and CEO of Majestic Realty Co., part owner of the Los Angeles Kings and Los Angeles Lakers
- Frank Rothman - Former chairman and CEO of MGM studios and nationally known trial attorney
- Steve Saleen - CEO and Founder of Saleen Performance, Inc.
- Mark Stevens - Partner of Sequoia Capital

Athletics

- Marcus Allen - Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer running back
- John Allred - NFL tight end
- Morris (Red) Badgro - Pro Football Hall of Famer
- Aaron Boone - Professional baseball player 1997-present
- Bret Boone - Professional baseball player 1992-2005
- Edward Carfagno – Olympic Fencer
- Chris Claiborne - Butkus-Award-Winning linebacker and NFL linebacker
- Keary Colbert - NFL wide receiver
- Curtis Conway - NFL wide receiver
- Cynthia Cooper - Professional basketball player
- Buster Crabbe - Olympic champion, swimming, and actor
- Charles Dumas - Olympic champion, high jump
- Morgan Ensberg - Professional baseball player, 2000-present, 2005 all-star
- Justin Fargas - NFL running back
- Mike Garrett - Heisman Trophy winner and NFL running back, current USC Athletic Director
- Frank Gifford - Pro Football Hall of Famer and TV analyst
- Pat Haden - All-American QB, Rhodes Scholar, NFL Pro-Bowler, TV analyst
- Geoff Jenkins - Professional baseball player 1998-present
- Keyshawn Johnson - NFL wide receiver
- Randy Johnson - Professional baseball player, the "Big Unit" 1988-present
- Rob Johnson - NFL quarterback
- Jacque Jones - professional baseball player 1999-present
- Kareem Kelly - NFL wide receiver
- Steve Kemp - Professional baseball player 1977-1988
- Dave Kingman - professional baseball player 1971-1986
- Lenny Krayzelburg - Olympic champion, swimming
- Jason Lane - professional baseball player 2002-present
- Matt Leinart - Heisman Trophy winner
- Lisa Leslie - Professional basketball player with the Los Angeles Sparks
- Ronnie Lott - Pro Football Hall of Famer
- Fred Lynn - Professional baseball player 1974-1990
- Hellen Mayer – Olympic Fencer
- Mark McGwire - Professional baseball player 1986-2001
- Cheryl Miller - Basketball Hall of Fame, former USC women's coach
- Ron Mix - Pro Football Hall of Famer
- Zeke Moreno - NFL linebacker
- Chad Morton - NFL running back, kick and punt return specialist
- Johnnie Morton - NFL wide receiver
- Anthony Munoz - Pro Football Hall of Famer
- John Naber - Olympic champion, swimming
- Charlie Paddock - Olympic champion, track & field
- Carson Palmer - Heisman Trophy winner and NFL quarterback
- Mel Patton - Olympic champion, track & field
- Rodney Peete - NFL quarterback
- Troy Polamalu - All-American and Pro Bowl NFL strong safety,
- Mark Prior - Professional baseball pitcher 2002-present
- Janice Romary – Olympic Foilist, Fencing (1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964 and 1968)
- Murray Rose - Olympic champion, swimming
- Sean Salisbury - NFL quarterback, ESPN football analyst
- Kaitlin Sandeno - Olympic champion, swimming
- Bob Seagren - Olympic champion, pole vaulter
- Junior Seau - Pro Bowl NFL linebacker
- Tom Seaver - Professional baseball Hall of Fame pitcher 1967-1986
- Bill Sharman - Basketball Hall of Famer
- O.J. Simpson - Heisman Trophy winner and NFL Hall of Fame running back and actor
- Antuan Simmons - NFL defensive back
- R. Jay Soward - NFL wide receiver and former first-round draft pick
- Roy Smalley - Professional baseball player 1975-1987
- Craig Stadler - Pro golfer
- Lynn Swann - Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver and TV analyst
- Lofa Tatupu - NFL linebacker
- Steve Timmons - Olympic champion, volleyball
- Quincy Watts - Olympic champion, track & field
- Paul Westphal - Professional basketball player, current Head Coach of Pepperdine Basketball
- Charles White - Heisman Trophy winner and former professional football player
- Mike Williams - NFL wide receiver and first round draft pick
- Willie Wood - Pro Football Hall of Famer
- Ron Yary - Pro Football Hall of Fame lineman
- Barry Zito - Professional baseball pitcher 2000-present

Politics and Government

Other

- Ethel Percy Andrus - Founder of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
- Daniel Brandt - Left-wing activist and founder of Google-watch.
- Michael Griffin, NASA Administrator
- Patricia Nixon - Former First Lady
- Eugene Sekiguchi - First minority member to serve as president of the American Dental Association (ADA)
- Joseph Wapner - Judge of The People's Court, former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge.

Faculty

- Leonard M. Adleman - Co-Inventor of RSA, Turing Award laureate
- William French Anderson - Genetics professor, dubbed "father of gene therapy"
- Tim Asch - Professor at the Center for Visual Anthropology
- Lois W. Banner - Former president of the American Studies Association, author
- Warren Bennis - University Professor, Distinguished Professor of Business Administration; named the "dean of leadership gurus" by Forbes magazine
- Shelley Berman - Comedian/actor/author - Teaches Writing Humor, Literary and Dramatic
- Terence Blanchard - Jazz trumpeter
- Barry Boehm - Software economics expert, inventor of COCOMO
- T.C. Boyle - Novelist
- Drew Casper - Film Historian
- Manuel Castells - Sociologist, played a key role in the development of a Marxist urban sociology
- John Choma - Renowned analog and mixed signal circuit designer
- Antonio Damasio - Physician and neurologist
- Paul Debevec - Renowned graphics researcher
- Richard Dekmejian - World-renowned expert on international relations
- Mar Elepano - Artist, animator, filmmaker
- Caleb E. Finch - World-renowned Alzheimer's disease researcher
- Scott Fisher - Pioneering virtual reality researcher
- Eric Fossum - Inventor of CMOS image sensor
- Barry Glassner - Renowned sociologist, made an appearance in Bowling for Columbine
- David Griffith - Film director, contributed Mise en Scene and various film editing techniques to film grammar
- Solomon W. Golomb - Mathematician, invented the Golomb coding and Golomb ruler
- Jane Goodall - Distinguished adjunct professor of anthropology
- Midori Goto - Violinist and the Jascha Heifetz Chair in Music
- Judith Halberstam - Gender Theorist
- Jascha Heifetz - Violinist, one of the most famous of the 20th century
- Tomlinson Holman - Inventor of Lucasfilm's THX sound system
- John Hospers - Philosopher, first presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party
- Mark Humayun - Opthalmologist, invented the Bionic Eye
- Mizuko Ito - noted cybercultural theorist
- Mark Kac - Eminent mathematician, pioneered the modern development of probability
- Timur Kuran -- economist, specializing in the study of Islamic finance and its consequences
- Jerome Lawrence - Playwright
- Richard Leahy - Renowned medical-imaging engineer, chief creator of BrainStorm
- Raymond Loewy - Noted industrial designer
- Leonard Maltin - Famous film critic
- Barbara Myerhoff - Professor at the Center for Visual Anthropology
- Richard Neutra - Modernism architect
- George Olah - Nobel Laureate in Chemistry
- Ishu Patel - Noted artist, director, animator, photographer
- Gregor Piatigorsky - Cellist
- Jon Postel - Internet pioneer, former director of Information Sciences Institute's Computer Networks Division
- Arnold Schoenberg - Composer
- Irving S. Reed - Inventor of Reed-Solomon codes
- Everett Rogers - Professor of communications
- Craig Stanford - Professor of biological anthropology
- Shirley Thomas (USC professor) - Professor of technical writing
- Michael S. Waterman - Founding editor of Journal of Computational Biology
- Paul Wehrle - Physician who helped in the development of methods for the prevention and treatment of polio and smallpox
- Darryl F. Zanuck - One of the major figures in the Hollywood studio system Southern California Category:University of Southern California

Leo Buscaglia

Dr. Felice Leonardo Buscaglia Ph.D. (31 March 1924 - 11 June 1998) was a professor of Italian descent at the University of Southern California, who authored a number of New York Times bestselling inspirational books on of love and human reticences on the subject, including The Fall of Freddie the Leaf, Bus 9 to Paradise, Living Loving and Learning, and Love. In lectures he often protested, in outrage at the comparative absence of writings on the subject, "I got the copyright for love!!!" While teaching at the USC, Buscaglia was moved by a student's suicide to contemplate human disconnectedness and the meaning of life, and began a non-credit class he called Love 1A. His book and numerous recorded and televised lectures, some of which became available through PBS, and which became extremely well received. He argued that social bonds are essential at transcending the stresses of everyday life and enriching it above the limitations of poverty as well as crossing communication gaps between generations. Buscaglia worked actively to overcome social and mental barriers that inhibited the expression of love between people, from family to acquaintances to the disabled, institutionalized, and elderly, to complete strangers, often making his own forwardness on the subject a topic of self-deprecating humor. The profundity of his subject, however, almost invariably struck a responsive chord regarding an area many regarded as deficient in their lives, and by 1998 his books had reached eighteen million copies in print in seventeen languages. Leo Buscaglia died of a heart attack on June 11, 1998 at his home in Glenbrook, Nevada, near Lake Tahoe. He was 74.

External links

- [http://www.buscaglia.com Leo Buscaglia and Felice Foundation official site].
- [http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/1969buscaglia.html Selected Moments of the 20th Century: 1969 Leo Buscaglia teaches Love 1A at the University of Southern California]
- [http://myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=l_buscaglia Buscaglia] at The "My Hero" Project
- [http://www.intouchmag.com/interview.html Interview & "Love Quiz"]
- [http://www.journeyofhearts.org/jofh/kirstimd/buscagl2.htm "Learn the Joy of the Moment"] by Leo Buscaglia, Ph.D.
- [http://www.journeyofhearts.org/jofh/kirstimd/buscagl3.htm "Loving Through Death"] by Leo Buscaglia, Ph.D.
- [http://www.newvisionsmagazine.com/november2003/vissell1103.html More Lessons from Leo Buscaglia] at New Visions Magazine
- [http://208.244.159.127/ezine/feb01/essential.htm "What Is Essential Is Invisible To The Eye"]; "Leo's Lessons On Love" by Chrissa Snyder
- [http://www.usc.edu/dept/pubrel/trojan_family/autumn98/alumninews/IM_Buscaglia.html Obituary] at USC Alumni News
- [http://www.vibrantuniverse.com/archives/leo_buscaglia.html Profoundly inspirational] by Annie Zalezsak Buscaglia, Leo Buscaglia, Leo

George V. Chilingar

George V. Chilingar is a Professor of civil and petroleum engineering at the University of Southern California (USC). He is one of the best-known petroleum geologists in the world and the founder of several prestigious journals in the oil and gas industry. Chilingar has published 53 books and hundreds of articles on geology, petroleum engineering and environmental engineering. He serves as president of the U.S. branch of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and 17 of his 53 books have been translated into Russian. In recognition of these contributions, the Russian Academy of Sciences has honored him as a Knight of Arts and Sciences. He received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in petroleum engineering and a Ph.D. in geology (with a minor in petroleum engineering), all at USC. His greatest contribution to the petroleum industry may be a means of identifying oil-rich rock by analyzing the ratio of calcium to magnesium in core samples. This method was used in discovering one of Iran’s largest oil fields, which was then named after Chilingar. He also played a key role in the development of Thailand’s offshore oil reserves. While Western companies drilled without success onshore and were preparing to write off Thailand as a potential source of oil, Chilingar saw natural gas bubbles in the Gulf of Siam and redirected exploratory efforts, thus saving the nascent Thai oil industry. In 2001, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia acknowledged Chilingar’s significant contributions to the success of Saudi Aramco as well as the discovery and extraction of oil reserves around the world. The Saudi consul general in Los Angeles, Ambassador Mohammed A. Al-Salloum, presented the award, a globe signifying the worldwide reach and importance of the petroleum industry and Saudi Aramco. He served as senior petroleum engineering adviser to the United Nations from 1967 to 1969, and then again from 1978 to 1987. He was also an energy policy adviser to California Governor Ronald Reagan in 1973. His recent research work concentrated on:
- Electro-bio-seismo-remediation
- Stabilization of weak grounds by using D.C. current
- Subsidence due to fluid withdrawal
- Optimization of exploration for oil and gas
- Prediction of earthquakes from the rate of gas migration to the Earth's surface

External link

- [http://www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/dept/faculty/chilinga/chilcae.htm Tribute to Professor George V. Chilingar by S.J. Mazzullo] Chilingar, George

Howard P. House

Howard P. House, M.D. founded the House Ear Institute in 1946 in Los Angeles, CA. He is often considered to be the father of modern otology. The House Ear Institute developed the Cochlear Implant and the Auditory Brain Stem Implant. Dr. House treated Ronald Reagon, Jimmy Stewart, Bob Hope, and many other notable figures.

House Ear Institute

Ellis O. Knox

In 1931, Dr. Ellis O'neal Knox was the first African-American to be awarded a Ph.D. on the West Coast. He was granted his Doctorate of Philosophy in the field of Education (the history and philosophy of) from the University of Southern California. In 1928, the Los Angeles public school teacher earned his Master of Arts from the same institution. His Bachelor of Arts degree was received in 1922 from the University of California at Berkeley. Ellis O. Knox was born in Northern California on July 6, 1900. The son of a Latin teacher, Prince Albert Knox, and homemaker, Addie Knox, Ellis found a love of education in his early years. As a young boy in the public schools of Lake County, California at the turn of the century, Ellis, the only black student in his classroom, excelled. In 1923, shortly after graduation from UC Berkeley, Knox accepted a position on the staff of Phoenix Union High School. Soon after, he met his wife Lois Wynne. The couple moved to Los Angeles in 1926, where Knox began his studies at USC. With doctorate in hand, Knox moved to the District of Columbia to accept a position on the staff of Howard University in 1931. (In the 1940s and 50s, Dr. Knox served as an adjunct professor at the American University, an adjunct lecturer at Yale University, and as a member of the Evaluation Committee of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, while retaining full professor status at Howard.) Knox was also a leader in the campaign that led to the desegregation of the schools in the District of Columbia and was the Chairman of Education for the NAACP from 1945 to 1962. In the late 1960s, Knox and his wife retired to Los Angeles, where he served as Professor Emeritus at the University of Southern California and the University of California Los Angeles until his death in 1975. . During his lifetime, Knox published several studies on the philosophy of education. His Ph.D. disseration dealt with the trend of philosophical doctrines in their relation to African-American youth in the United States. . Dr. Ellis O. Knox's contemporaries, colleagues, and close friends included nobel prize winner, Ralph Bunche, Supreme Court Justice, Thurgood Marshall, as well as famed California architect, Paul Williams, and civil rights leader, H. Claude Hudson.

West Coast of the United States

West Coast
Red states are those bordering the Pacific Ocean.

In general, the term "West Coast" is a nickname for the coastal states of the Western United States, comprising California, Oregon and Washington, and sometimes Alaska and Hawaii (see Pacific States). Occasionally Nevada, not a coastal state, is included as a West Coast state since it is in close proximity. The West Coast is a portion of the West. It has also come to be called "The Coast", especially by New Yorkers, or the "Left Coast," a pun based on its lefthand position on a map of the US as well as its reputation for being more politically liberal than the East Coast or Midwest. The term has been taken by rap music performers when used to refer to a particular school of artists, such as Tupac Shakur and Dr. Dre. The East Coast/West Coast hip hop rivalry has led to violence and much rhetoric. This violence and rhetoric largely subsided by the beginning of the 21st century. It should be noted that the urban centers of Nevada, namely Las Vegas and Reno, as well as Phoenix, Arizona are largely influenced by California culture and thus may be in a sense considered part of the "west coast" despite their inland locales.

Error correction

In computer science and information theory, the issue of error correction and detection has great practical importance. Given some data, error detection methods enable one to check whether the data has been corrupted by the introduction of errors, but the method does not tell us where the errors have been introduced. Error correction schemes permit error localization but also give the possibility of correcting errors that have been introduced. Error correction and detection schemes find use in implementations of reliable data transfer over noisy transmission links, data storage media (including dynamic RAM, compact discs), and other applications where the integrity of data is important.
- In digital telecommunications, channel coding is a pre-transmission mapping applied to a digital signal or data file, usually with an error-detection or an error-correction code.
- File formats that have internal error correction: ER AAC, ICER (used by the Mars rovers)

Terminology

While the use of error correction and detection schemes are not limited only to sender-receiver systems, in discussing a particular scheme, it will be advantageous for us to use the terminology of a "sender" and a "receiver" for simplicity. The sender will always have the correct data, without errors, and thus for a situation of data storage media for example, the "sent" data can be likened to the original, correct data as intended, and the "received" data can be likened to the data that is read from the media. Error correction and detection schemes work by adding extra information to the original sent information. We will call this extra information redundant data, and we will call the original information the payload.

Error detection

Given the goal of error correction, the idea of error detection may seem to be insufficient. However, error-correction schemes may be computationally intensive, or require excessive redundant data which may be inhibitive for a certain application. Error correction in some applications, such as a sender-receiver system, can be achieved with only a detection system in tandem with a automatic repeat request scheme to notify the sender that a portion of the data sent was received incorrectly and will need to be retransmitted, however where efficiency is important, it is possible to detect and correct errors with far less redundant data.

Typical schemes

Several schemes exist to achieve error detection, and are generally quite simple.

Repetition schemes

Variations on this theme exist. Given a stream of data that is to be sent, the data is broken up into blocks of bits, and in sending, each block is sent some predetermined number of times. For example, if we want to send "1011", we may repeat this block three times each. Suppose we send "1011 1011 1011", and this is received as "1010 1011 1011". As one group is not the same as the other two, we can determine that an error has occurred. This scheme is not very efficient, and can be susceptible to problems if the error occurs in exactly the same place for each group (e.g. "1010 1010 1010" in the example above will be detected as correct in this scheme). The scheme however is extremely simple, and is in fact used in some transmissions of numbers stations.

Parity schemes

:Main article: Parity bit Given a stream of data that is to be sent, the data is broken up into blocks of bits, and the number of 1 bits is counted. Based on this number, we use one bit of redundant data specified as follows: if the number of 1 bits is even, this bit is 0, otherwise, if the number of 1 bits is odd, this bit is 1. So, for the payload byte 00101101, there are four 1 bits, so the redundant data bit is 0. For the payload byte 11101111, there are seven 1 bits, so the redundant data bit is 1. Suppose the payload and redundant data is sent consecutively, and we are sending the two payloads as above. So, we send "001011010" and "111011111". Say now an error occurs in the first byte, that "001011010" is received as "101011010". Error detection is achieved by recalculating the redundant data bit at the receiver side, using the first eight bits. From the receiver's point of view, there are five 1 bits, so the redundant data bit should be 1, but it is received as 0, so the receiver can conclude that an error has occurred. It can be seen that even if the redundant data bit is corrupted, error detection still occurs. There is a limitation to the parity scheme. Suppose that two errors occur in the second byte, that "111011111" is received as "011001111". On recalculation of the redundant data bit, the receiver finds that there are five one bits -- which is still odd, and finds that this byte is received correctly! We say then that the parity scheme detects single-bit errors.

Cyclic redundancy checks

: Main article: Cyclic redundancy check Many more complex error detection (and correction) methods make use of the properties of finite fields and polynomials over such fields. The cyclic redundancy check considers a block of data as the coefficients to a polynomial and then divides by a fixed, predetermined polynomial. The coefficients of the result of the division is taken as the redundant data bits, the CRC.
- Checking the received data can be achieved by multiplying the predetermined polynomial by the CRC.
- If this is the same as the payload data, then the data has been received without error.
- Alternatively, one can recompute the CRC from the payload bits and compare the CRC with the CRC that has been received.

Error correction

The above methods are sufficient to determine whether some data has been received in error. But often, this is not enough. Consider an application such as simplex teletype over radio (SITOR). If a message needs to be received quickly and needs to be complete without error, merely knowing where the errors occurred may not be enough, the second condition is not satisfied as the message will be incomplete. Suppose then the receiver waits for a message to be repeated (since the situation is simplex), the first condition is not satisfied since the receiver will have to wait (possibly a long time) for the message to be repeated to fill the gaps left by the errors. It would be advantageous if the receiver could somehow determine what the error was and thus correct it. Is this even possible? Yes, consider the NATO phonetic alphabet -- if a sender were to be sending the word "WIKI" with the alphabet by sending "WHISKEY INDIA KILO INDIA" and this was received (with
- signifying letters received in error) as "W
- KEY I
- I
-
- LO
- DI
- ", it would be possible to correct all the errors here since there is only one word in the NATO phonetic alphabet which starts with "W" and ends in "KEY", and similarly for the other words. This idea is also present in some error correcting codes (ECC). Error-correcting schemes also have their limitations. Some can correct a certain number of bit errors and only detect further numbers of bit errors. Codes which can correct one error are termed single error correcting (SEC), and those which detect two are termed double error detecting (DED). There are codes which can correct and detect more errors than these.

Applications

The Internet

In a typical TCP/IP stack, error detection is performed at multiple levels:
- Each Ethernet frame carries a CRC-32 checksum. The receiver discards frames if their checksums don't match.
- The IPv4 header contains a header checksum of the contents of the header (excluding the checksum field). Packets with checksums that don't match are discarded.
- The checksum was omitted from the IPv6 header, because most current link layer protocols have error detection.
- UDP has an optional checksum. Packets with wrong checksums are discarded.
- TCP has a checksum of the payload, TCP header (excluding the checksum field) and source- and destination addresses of the IP header. Packets found to have incorrect checksums are discarded and eventually get retransmitted when the sender receives a triple-ack or a time-out occurs.

Deep Space Telecommunications (Voyager)

NASA has used many different error correcting codes. For missions between 1969 and 1977 the Mariner spacecraft used a Reed-Muller code. The noise these spacecraft were subject to was well approximated by a "bell-curve" (normal distribution), so the Reed-Muller codes were well suited to the situation. The Voyager 1 & 2 spacecraft transmitted color pictures of Jupiter and Saturn in 1979 and 1980.
- Color image transmission required 3 times the amount of data, so the Golay (24,12,8) code was used.
- This Golay code is only 3-error correcting, but it could be transmitted at a much higher data rate.
- Voyager 2 went on to Uranus and Neptune and the code was switched to a concatenated Reed-Solomon code-Convolutional code for its substantially more powerful error correcting capabilities.
Convolutional code
The different kinds of deep space and orbital missions that are conducted suggest that trying to find a "one size fits all" error correction system will be an ongoing problem for some time to come.
- For missions close to the earth the nature of the "noise" is different from that on a spacecraft headed towards the outer planets
- In particular, if a transmitter on a spacecraft far from earth is operating at a low power, the problem of correcting for noise gets larger with distance from the earth

Satellite Broadcasting (DVB)

The demand for satellite transponder bandwidth continues to grow, fueled by the desire to deliver television (including new channels and High Definition TV) and IP data. Transponder availability and bandwidth constraints have limited this growth, because transponder capacity is determined by the selected modulation scheme and Forward Error Correction (FEC) rate. Scientific-Atlanta has been evaluating developing products based on Turbo Codes concatenated with minimal complexity Reed-Solomon Codes in its laboratories in Atlanta, Georgia and Toronto, Canada. While QPSK has been in use for many years, higher orders of modulation such as 8PSK and 16QAM have recently enabled the satellite industry to increase transponder efficiency. This increase in the information rate in a transponder comes at the expense of an increase in the carrier power to meet the threshold requirement into existing antennas. Tests conducted using the latest silicon demonstrate that the performance achieved is as predicted, and that the implementation margin may be even lower than the 0.8 dB figure used in the initial design parameters.
dB

Information theory and error correction and detection

Information theory tells us that whatever be the probability of error in transmission or storage, it is possible to construct error-correcting codes in which the likelihood of failure is arbitrarily low, although this requires adding increasing amounts of redundant data to the original, which might not be practical when the error probability is very high. Shannon's theorem sets an upper bound to the error correction rate that can be achieved (and thus the level of noise that can be tolerated) using a fixed amount of redundancy, but does not tell us how to construct such an optimal encoder. Error-correcting codes can be divided into block codes and convolutional codes. Other block error-correcting codes, such as Reed-Solomon codes transform a chunk of bits into a (longer) chunk of bits in such a way that errors up to some threshold in each block can be detected and corrected. However, in practice errors often occur in bursts rather than at random. This is often compensated for by shuffling (interleaving) the bits in the message after coding. Then any burst of bit-errors is broken up into a set of scattered single-bit errors when the bits of the message are unshuffled (de-interleaved) before being decoded.

List of error-detection methods

- Longitudinal redundancy check

List of error-correction methods

- Alamouti coding, otherwise called Space-Time codes.
- Check bit
- Check digit
- Convolutional codes are usually decoded with Iterative Viterbi Decoding techniques
- Digital fountain code
- Differential space-time code, related to Alamouti Code family of Space-Time codes.
- Erasure code
- Forward error correction
- Group code
- Golay code, the Binary Golay codes are the most commonly used Golay codes
- Hagelbarger code
- Hamming code
- Low-density parity-check code
- Parity bit
- Reed-Solomon error correction
- Reed-Muller code
- Sparse graph code
- Space-time trellis code
- Turbo code
- Viterbi algorithm
- Walsh code used in cellular telephony for its low noise immunity, not just its ECC capabilities

External links

- [http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/ The on-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms], by David MacKay, contains chapters on elementary error-correcting codes; on the theoretical limits of error-correction; and on the latest state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, and digital fountain codes.
- ko:오류정정부호 ja:誤り検出

Futurist

This article is about the art movement, futurism. Futurism is also another word for Future studies. Futurism was a 20th century art movement. Although a nascent Futurism can been seen surfacing throughout the very early years of that century, the 1907 essay Entwurf einer neuen Ästhetik der Tonkunst (Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music) by the Italian composer Ferruccio Busoni is sometimes claimed as its true jumping-off point. Futurism was a largely Italian movement, although it also had adherents in other countries, most notably Russia. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, music and even gastronomy. The Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti was the first among them to produce a manifesto of their artistic philosophy in his Manifesto of Futurism (1909), first released in Milan and published in the French paper Le Figaro (February 20). Marinetti summed up the major principles of the Futurists, including a passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. He and others also espoused a love of speed, technology and violence. The car, the plane, the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists, because they represented the technological triumph of man over nature. Marinetti's impassioned polemic immediately attracted the support of the young Milanese painters - Boccioni, Carrà, and Russolo - who wanted to extend Marinetti's ideas to the visual arts (Russolo was also a composer, and introduced Futurist ideas into his compositions). The painters Balla and Severini met Marinetti in 1910 and together these artists represented Futurism's first phase. The painter and sculptor Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916) wrote the Manifesto of Futurist Painters in 1910 in which he vowed: :We will fight with all our might the fanatical, senseless and snobbish religion of the past, a religion encouraged by the vicious existence of museums. We rebel against that spineless worshipping of old canvases, old statues and old bric-a-brac, against everything which is filthy and worm-ridden and corroded by time. We consider the habitual contempt for everything which is young, new and burning with life to be unjust and even criminal. Futurists dubbed the love of the past "pastism", and its proponents "pastists" (cf. Stuckism). They would sometimes even physically attack alleged pastists, in other words, those who were apparently not enjoying Futurist exhibitions or performances. The Futurists' glorification of modern warfare as the ultimate artistic expression and their intense nationalism allowed those of them who survived World War I to embrace Italian fascism. Futurism influenced many other 20th century art movements, including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism and Surrealism. Futurism as a coherent artistic movement is now regarded as extinct, having died out in the 1920s; many of the Futurists were killed in two world wars, and Futurism was, like science fiction, in part overtaken by 'the future'. Nonetheless the ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern Western culture; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial cinema and culture. Ridley Scott consciously evoked the designs of Sant'Elia in Blade Runner. Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his "dreamt-of metallization of the human body", also remain in Japanese culture, and surface in manga/anime and the works of artists such as Shinya Tsukamoto, director of the "Tetsuo" (lit. "Ironman") films. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the literary genre of cyberpunk - in which technology was often treated with ambivalence - whilst artists who came to prominence during the first flush of the Internet, such as Stelarc, Natasha Vita-More and Mariko Mori, produce work which comments on futurist ideals. Natasha Vita-More also designed Primo Posthuman as the artistic futurists' body design.

Futurist visual artists

- Giacomo Balla
- Umberto Boccioni
- Carlo Carrà
- Primo Conti
- Fortunato Depero
- Luigi Russolo
- Antonio Sant'Elia
- Gino Severini

External links

- http://www.unknown.nu/futurism
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Arts/Art_History/Periods_and_Movements/Futurism/ Yahoo index of Futurism Websites]
- [http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=59tp01 The Futurist Moment: Howlers, Exploders, Crumplers, Hissers, and Scrapers] by Kenneth Goldsmith
- http://www.futurism.org.uk/ Category:Art movements Category:Modern art Category:Futurism Category:Dieselpunk ja:未来派

Extropy Institute

Extropianism, also referred to as extropy, is the original philosophy of transhumanism, and is characterized by the set of principles defined by Dr. Max More in The Principles of Extropy. Extropy stems from the transhumanist world view as defined by Dr. More and places strong emphasis on rational thinking and practical optimism. According to More, these principles "do not specify particular beliefs, technologies, or policies". Extropy shares the beliefs of its parent philosophy, transhumanism, which was also developed and defined by Dr. More. The transhumanist philosophy of Extropy supports an optimistic view of the future, expecting considerable advances in computational power, life expectancy, nanotechnology and the like. Many extropians believe in the eventual realization of unlimited maximum life spans, and recovery of those preserved by means of cryonics, by technological means. Extropy, coined by Tom Bell (T. O. Morrow) in January 1988, is defined as the extent of a living or organizational system's intelligence, functional order, vitality, energy, life, experience, and capacity and drive for improvement and growth. Extropy expresses a metaphor, rather than serving as a technical term, and so is not simply the opposite of entropy.

The Extropy Institute

In 1987, Max More moved to Los Angeles from Oxford University in England, where he established the first European cryonics organization, known as Mizar Limited (later Alcor UK), to work on his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Southern California. In 1988, "Extropy: The Journal of Transhumanist Thought" was published, which brought together thinkers to write about artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, life extension, uploading, Idea Futures, robotics, space exploration, memetics and the politics and economics of transhumanism. Soon alternative media began reviewing the magazine and the magazine attracted interest from likeminded thinkers. Later, More and Bell co-founded Extropy Institute, a non-profit 501(c)3 educational organization. "ExI" was formed as a transhumanist networking and information center to use current scientific understanding along with critical and creative thinking to define a small set of principles or values that could help make sense of new capabilities opening up to humanity. Extropy Institute's email list was launched in 1991 and in 1992 the institute began producing the first conferences on transhumanism, and affiliate members throughout the world who began organizing their own transhumanist groups. Extro Conferences, meetings, parties, on-line debates, and documentaries continue to spread transhumanism to the public. The Internet soon became the most fertile breeding ground for people interested in exploring new tools with websites such as Extropy Institute, Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Foresight Institute, Transhumanist Arts & Culture, World Transhumanist Association, Immortality Institute and BetterHumans. Today there are other organizations that have joined Extropy Institute to further transhumanist ideas such as Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Foresight Institute, Transhumanist Arts & Culture, Immortality Institute, Aleph in Sweden, TransVision in Europe, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and numerous other organizations currently being developed.

External links

- [http://www.extropy.org/ Extropy Institute] Category:Transhumanism

Superacid

A superacid can be defined as an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% sulfuric acid. Some simple superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF₃SO₃H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfuric acid (FSO₃H), both of which are about a thousand times stronger than sulfuric acid. In many cases, the superacid is not a single compound, but is instead a system of several compounds that are combined to effect high acidity. The term superacid was originally coined by James Bryant Conant in 1927 in classifying acids that were stronger than conventional mineral acids. George A. Olah won the [http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1994/illpres/ 1994 Nobel prize in chemistry] for his investigations of superacids and their use in the direct observation of carbocations. Olah's "magic acid" was named for its amazing ability to dissolve candle wax. Magic acid is a mix of the Lewis acid antimony pentafluoride (SbF₅) and fluorosulfonic acid (a Brønsted acid). The strongest known superacid system, called fluoroantimonic acid, is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and antimony pentafluoride. In this system, hydrofluoric acid releases the proton (H⁺), and the conjugate base (F^-) is effectively sequestered by forming a strong coordinate bond with the fluorophilic antimony pentafluoride. The result of this coordinated bond is a large octahedral anion (SbF_{6_{^-), which is a very weak nucleophile and a very weak base. The proton effectively becomes a "free proton", which accounts for the system's extreme acidity. Fluoroantimonic acid is 20,000,000,000,000,000,000 (twenty quintillion) times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Also, see superbase.

Category:Acids

-

Andrew Viterbi
Andrew Viterbi (March 9, 1935) is an American electrical engineer and businessman.

Andrew Viterbi was born in Bergamo, Italy to Jewish parents and emigrated with his parents in 1939 to the United States as a refugee. Viterbi entered MIT in 1952, studying electrical engineering. Distinguished faculty members contemporary to his education included Claude Shannon, Norbert Wiener, Roberto Fano and Bruno Rossi. After receiving his Masters degree from MIT, Viterbi received his Ph.D. in digital communications from the University of Southern California (USC).

He was later a professor of electrical engineering at UCLA and UCSD. He is the inventor of the Viterbi algorithm, an algorithm he used for decoding convolutionally encoded data. It is still used widely in error correcting codes present in cellular phones.

Viterbi was the cofounder of Linkabit Corporation, with Irwin Jacobs in 1968, a small military contractor. He was also the founder of Qualcomm Inc. in 1985. As of 2003, he is the president of the venture capitalist The Viterbi Group. In 2000, Viterbi ranked 386th on the Forbes 400 list of the richest Americans, with an estimated worth of $640 million.

On March 2, 2004, the University of Southern California School of Engineering was renamed to the Viterbi School of Engineering in his honor following his $52 million donation to the school.

He is married to Erna Finci.

Viterbi
Viterbi
Viterbi, Andrew
Viterbi
Viterbi
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CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is (not a modulation scheme, but a form of multiplexing) a method of multiple access that does not divide up the channel by time (as in TDMA), or frequency (as in FDMA), but instead encodes data with a certain code associated with a channel and uses the constructive interference properties of the signal medium to perform the multiplexing. CDMA also refers to digital cellular telephony systems that makes use of this multiple access scheme, such as those pioneered by Qualcomm, or W-CDMA.

History of CDMA
see: direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

Usage in mobile telephony
A number of different terms are used to refer to CDMA implementations. The original standard spearheaded by QUALCOMM was known as IS-95, the IS referring to an Interim Standard of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). IS-95 is often referred to as 2G or second generation cellular. The QUALCOMM brand name cdmaOne may also be used to refer to the 2G CDMA standard.

After several revisions, IS-95 was superseded by the IS-2000 standard. This standard was introduced to meet some of the criteria laid out in the IMT-2000 specification for 3G, or third generation, cellular. It is also sometimes referred to as 1xRTT which simply means "1 times radio transmission technology" and indicates that IS-2000 uses the same 1.25 MHz shared channel as the original IS-95 standard. More recently, QUALCOMM has led the creation of a new CDMA-based technology called 1xEVDO which provides the higher packet data transmission rates required by IMT-2000 and desired by wireless network operators.

The QUALCOMM CDMA system includes highly accurate time signals (usually referenced to a GPS receiver in the cell base station), so cellphone CDMA-based clocks are an increasingly popular type of Radio clock for use in computer networks. The main advantage of using CDMA cell-phone signals for reference clock purposes is that they work better inside buildings, thus often eliminating the need to mount the GPS antenna on the outside of a building.

Also frequently confused with CDMA is W-CDMA. The CDMA technique is used as the principle of the W-CDMA air interface, and the W-CDMA air interface is used in the global 3G standard, UMTS, and Japanese 3G standards, FOMA by NTT DoCoMo and Vodafone, however, the CDMA family of standards (including cdmaOne and CDMA2000) are not compatible with the W-CDMA family of standards.

Another important application of CDMA — predating and entirely distinct from CDMA cellular — is the Global Positioning System, GPS.

Technical details

Mathematical foundation
CDMA exploits at its core mathematical properties of orthogonality. Suppose we represent data signals as vectors. For example, the binary string "1011" would be represented by the vector (1, 0, 1, 1). We may wish to give a vector a name, we may do so by using boldface letters, eg a. We also use an operation on vectors, known as the dot product, to "multiply" vectors, by summing the product of the components. For example, the dot product of (1, 0, 1, 1) and (1, -1, -1, 0) would be (1)(1)+(0)(-1)+(1)(-1)+(1)(0)=1+-1=0. Where the dot product of vectors a and b is 0, we say that the two vectors are orthogonal.

The dot product has a number of properties, and one will aid us in understanding why CDMA works. For vectors a, b, c:
: $\mathbf\cdot(\mathbf+\mathbf)=\mathbf\cdot\mathbf+\mathbf\cdot\mathbf,\quad\mathrm$
: $\mathbf\cdot k\mathbf=k(\mathbf\cdot\mathbf).$
The square root of a.a is a real number, and is important. We write
: $||\mathbf||=\sqrt.$

Suppose vectors a and b are orthogonal. Then:
: $\mathbf\cdot(\mathbf+\mathbf)=||\mathbf||^2\quad\mathrm\quad\mathbf\cdot\mathbf+\mathbf\cdot\mathbf= ||a||^2+0,$
: $\mathbf\cdot(-\mathbf+\mathbf)=-||\mathbf||^2\quad\mathrm\quad-\mathbf\cdot\mathbf+\mathbf\cdot\mathbf= -||a||^2+0,$
: $\mathbf\cdot(\mathbf+\mathbf)=||\mathbf||^2\quad\mathrm\quad\mathbf\cdot\mathbf+\mathbf\cdot\mathbf= 0+||b||^2,$
: $\mathbf\cdot(\mathbf-\mathbf)=-||\mathbf||^2\quad\mathrm\quad\mathbf\cdot\mathbf-\mathbf\cdot\mathbf=0 -||b||^2.$

Implementation

dot product

Suppose now we have a set of vectors that are mutually orthogonal to each other. Usually these vectors are specially constructed for ease of decoding -- they are columns or rows from Walsh matrices that are constructed from Walsh functions -- but strictly mathematically the only restriction on these vectors is that they are orthogonal. An example of orthogonal functions is shown in the picture on the right. Now, associate with one sender a vector from this set, say v, which is called the chip code. Associate a zero digit with the vector -v, and a one digit with the vector v. For example, if v=(1,-1), then the binary vector (1, 0, 1, 1) would correspond to (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,-1). For the purposes of this article, we call this constructed vector the transmitted vector.

Each sender has a different, unique vector chosen from that set, but the construction of the transmitted vector is identical.

Now, the physical properties of interference say that if two signals at a point are in phase, they will "add up" to give twice the amplitude of each signal, but if they are out of phase, they will "subtract" and give a signal that is the difference of the amplitudes. Digitally, this behaviour can be modelled simply by the addition of the transmission vectors, componentwise. So, if we have two senders, both sending simultaneously, one with the chip code (1, -1) and data vector (1, 0, 1, 1), and another with the chip code (1, 1), and data vector (0,0,1,1), the raw signal received would be the sum of the transmission vectors (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,-1)+(-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1)=(0,-2,-2,0,2,0,2,0).

Suppose a receiver gets such a signal, and wants to detect what the transmitter with chip code (1, -1) is sending. The receiver will make use of the property described in the above foundation section, and take the dot product to the received vector in parts. Take the first two components of the received vector, that is, (0, -2). Now, (0, -2).(1, -1) = (0)(1)+(-2)(-1) = 2. Since this is positive, we can deduce that a one digit was sent. Taking the next two components, (-2, 0), (-2, 0).(1,-1)=(-2)(1)+(0)(-1)=-2. Since this is negative, we can deduce that a zero digit was sent. Continuing in this fashion, we can successfully decode what the transmitter with chip code (1, -1) was sending: (1, 0, 1, 1).

Likewise, applying the same process with chip code (1, 1): (1, 1).(0,-2) = -2 gives digit 0, (1, 1).(-2,0)=(1)(-2)+(1)(0)=-2 gives digit 0, and so on, to give us the data vector sent by the transmitter with chip code (1, 1): (0, 0, 1, 1).

Now, there are certain issues where this mathematical process can be disrupted. Suppose that one sender transmits at a higher signal strength than another. Then the critical orthogonality property can be disrupted, and thus the system can fail. Thus controlling power strength is an important issue with CDMA transmitters. A TDMA or FDMA receiver can in theory completely reject arbitrarily strong signals on other time slots or frequency channels. This is not true for CDMA; rejection of unwanted signals is only partial. If any or all of the unwanted signals are much stronger than the desired signal, they will overwhelm it. This leads to a general requirement in any CDMA system to approximately match the various signal power levels as seen at the receiver. In CDMA cellular, the base station uses a fast closed-loop power control scheme to tightly control each mobile's transmit power.

Suppose that noise present in a channel takes a zero bit to some other value. Then this will also disrupt the orthogonality property, and thus adding an extra level of forward error correction (FEC) coding is also vital.

So far, we have assumed that CDMA timing is absolutely exact, that is, transmitters exactly transmit at points in multiples of the length of the chip sequence. Of course, in reality, this is impractical to achieve, so all forms of CDMA use spread spectrum process gain to allow receivers to partially discriminate against unwanted signals. Signals with the desired chip code and timing are received, while signals with different chip codes (or the same spreading code but a different timing offset) appear as wideband noise reduced by the process gain.

CDMA's main advantage over TDMA and FDMA is that the number of available CDMA codes is essentially infinite. This makes CDMA ideally suited to large numbers of transmitters each generating a relatively small amount of traffic at irregular intervals, as it avoids the overhead of continually allocating and deallocating a limited number of orthogonal time slots or frequency channels to individual transmitters. CDMA transmitters simply send when they have something to say, and go off the air when they don't.

Soft Handoff

Soft handoff (or soft handover) is an innovation in mobility which was only possible with CDMA technology. It refers to the technique of moving from one cell to another without dropping the radio link at any time.

In TDMA and analog systems, each cell transmits on its own frequency, different from those of its neighbouring cells. If a mobile device reaches the edge of the cell currently serving its call, it is told to break its radio link and quickly tune to the frequency of one of the neighbouring cells where the call has been moved by the network due to the mobile's movement. If the mobile is unable to tune to the new frequency in time the call is dropped.

In CDMA, a set of neighbouring cells all use the same frequency for transmission and distinguish cells (or base stations) by means of a number called the "PN offset", a time offset from the beginning of the well-known pseudo-random noise sequence that is used to spread the signal from the base station. Because all of the cells are on the same frequency, listening to different base stations is now an exercise in digital signal processing based on offsets from the PN sequence, not RF transmission and reception based on separate frequencies.

As the CDMA phone roams through the network, it detects the PN offsets of the neighbouring cells and reports the strength of each signal back to the reference cell of the call (usually the strongest cell). If the signal from a neighbouring cell is strong enough, the mobile will be directed to "add a leg" to its call and start transmitting and receiving to and from the new cell in addition to the cell (or cells) already hosting the call. Likewise, if a cell's signal becomes too weak the mobile is directed to drop that leg. In this way, the mobile can move from cell to cell and add and drop legs as necessary in order to keep the call up without ever dropping the link.

In practice there are frequency boundaries, often between different carriers or sub-networks. In this situation, the CDMA phone behaves in the same way as TDMA or analog and performs a hard handoff in which it breaks the existing connection and tries to pick up on the new frequency where it left off.

CDMA features

- Narrowband message signal multiplied by wideband spreading signal or codeword

- Each user has its own pseudo-codeword

- Soft capacity limit: system performance degrades for all users as number of users increases

- Cell frequency reuse one: no frequency planning

- Soft handover increases capacity

- Near-far problem

- Interference limit: power control is required

- Wide bandwidth induces diversity: RAKE receiver is used

See also

- Near-far problem

- GSM

- Frequency-division multiplexing

- Time-division multiple access

External links

- [http://www.3gpp2.org/ The Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)]

- [http://www.3gpp.org/ The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ]

- [http://www.cdg.org/ CDMA Development Group (CDG)]

- [http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/ Radio-Electronics.Com]

- [http://www.cdmatech.com/ Qualcomm CDMA Technologies (QCT)]

- [http://www.mobileafrica.net/cdma.php CDMA in Africa ]

- PN Sequences

Further reading

- Andrew J. Viterbi. (1995) CDMA : Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication (1st edition) Prentice Hall PTR ISBN 0201633744

Category:Channel access methods
Category:Multiplexing

ko:CDMA
ja:符号分割多元接続

Qualcomm

Qualcomm is a wireless telecommunications research and development company based in San Diego, California. It was founded in 1985 by Irwin Jacobs and Andrew Viterbi, who previously founded Linkabit.

Qualcomm's first products and services included the OmniTRACS satellite locating and messaging service, widely used by long-haul trucking companies, and specialized integrated circuits for digital radio communications such as a Viterbi decoder.

Qualcomm developed a digital cellular telephony technology based on CDMA; the first version was standardized as IS-95. It has since developed newer variations on the same theme, including IS-2000 and 1x-EVDO. It formerly manufactured both CDMA cell phones and CDMA base station equipment.

Qualcomm sold its base station business to Ericsson and its cell phone manufacturing to Kyocera, and now focuses on developing and licensing wireless technologies and selling ASICs that implement them.

Other Qualcomm projects include the development of the Globalstar satellite system (a joint venture with Loral Space & Communications) and a joint venture in digital cinema with Technicolor. It developed BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless) as a platform for phones. It also maintains and sells the Eudora email program.

Products
OmniTRACS is a location technology designed for the over-the-road transport market. As of summer 2005, over 567,000 units have been shipped to transport companies on 4 continents.

Qualcomm designs various ARM architecture CDMA modem chipsets designated Mobile Station Modem (MSM), baseband radio processors, and power processor chips. These chipsets are sold to mobile phone manufacturers such as Kyocera, Motorola, and Samsung for integration into CDMA cell phones.

Qualcomm designed and currently maintains and distributes Eudora (email client).

The company is also in development on a cellular/data 2-way voice communications program called Qchat, which is proposed to be the replacement for Nextel's iDEN system as Nextel merges with Sprint; not much has been publicly released about this product.

See also

- Qualcomm Stadium

External link

- [http://www.qualcomm.com Official website]

- [http://www.cdmatech.com Qualcomm CDMA Technologies (QCT)]
Category:Electronics companies
Category:Communications companies of the United States
Category:Fortune 500 companies
Category:Companies traded on NASDAQ
Category:Companies based in California

ja:クアルコム

Herb Alpert
Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is a Jewish-American musician most associated with the Tijuana Brass, a now-defunct brass band of which he was leader. He is also famous as a recording industry executive — he is the "A" of A&M Records.
A&M Records]
Early life and career
He began trumpet lessons at about the age of 8 and played at dances as a teenager. After graduating from Fairfax High School in 1955, he joined the U.S. Army and frequently performed at military ceremonies. After his service to the Army, he tried his hand at acting, but decided to pursue a career in music. While attending the University of Southern California in the 1950s, he was a member of the USC Trojan Marching Band for 2 years.

At the dawn of his music career, Alpert co-wrote (along with Lou Adler) early rock and roll hits such as "Wonderful World" and "Only Sixteen".

His recording career began at RCA under the name of Dore Alpert. He also produced Dante & the Evergreens hit "Alley Oop" and Jan & Dean. In 1962, Alpert and his business partner Jerry Moss founded their record label, A&M Records.

The Tijuana Brass Years
Shortly after A&M's founding, Alpert formed a new group, one with a Latin flavor: the Tijuana Brass. In 1962, Alpert and the Brass released their debut album, The Lonely Bull (the title cut became a Top Ten hit). This was literally A&M's first album (the original number was 101), and was recorded in a converted garage. It was Alpert's groundbreaking musical flavor created by this album that catapulted Latino-style pop into the public eye.

The Tijuana Brass's success helped spawn other Latin acts, notably Julius Wechter (initially a session player in The Lonely Bull) and his Baja Marimba Band. Ironically, no one in Alpert's band (or Wechter's either) was actually Hispanic. Alpert used to tell his audiences that his group (as of the late 60s) consisted of "Three pastramis, two bagels, and an American cheese": John Pisano (electric guitar); Lou Pagani (piano); Nick Ceroli (drums); Pat Senatore (bass guitar); Tonni Kalash (trumpet); Herb Alpert (trumpet and vocal); Bob Edmondson (trombone).

Subsequent albums followed the tradition of the first, Whipped Cream and Other Delights, for example. The album cover of Whipped Cream featured a seductive-looking young woman (Dolores Erickson) wearing a generous quantity of whipped cream... and apparently nothing else. In concerts, when about to play the song, Alpert would tell the audience, "Sorry, we can't play the cover for you!" The famous cover was eventually parodied by the alternative group Soul Asylum.
left
Other albums followed, such as S.R.O., and even a brassy interpretation of classical music, Herb Alpert's Ninth.

But it was 1965's Going Places that really propelled Alpert and the Brass to stardom. The seminal album, what music critics have called his greatest work, yielded the hit singles "Tijuana Taxi", "Spanish Flea", "Third Man Theme", and "Zorba the Greek".

Much of the music from Whipped Cream and Going Places received a great deal of airplay, and still do at least on the Game Show Network due to their frequent use as incidental music in The Dating Game, notably Whipped Cream, Spanish Flea and Lollipops and Roses.

With the Tijuana Brass, Alpert won six Grammy awards, and of their albums fifteen have gone gold and fourteen platinum. At one point his music outsold that of The Beatles by two to one. That statistic is compelling, because it is a nearly-forgotten fact that The Brass were, in modern parlance, "huge" in the 1960s, kind of a middle-of-the-road parallel to the Beatles; they even formed and broke up initially around the same time that the Fab Four did. In 1966, Alpert was recognized (with the Brass) in the Guinness Book of World Records for having five albums in the Top 20 of the Billboard album charts simultaneously, an unprecedented feat. In April of that year, four of those albums were in the Top 10 simultaneously.

His only Number One song with the Brass was "This Guy's in Love With You", featuring a rare vocal turn by Alpert himself. Alpert's vocal skills were limited, but this song also had a limited range, and it worked for him. The song debuted in June 1968, and topped the charts for four weeks. Other artists soon covered it, a sure sign of its viability as a song.

Life after the Brass
Alpert disbanded the Brass in 1969, but released another album by the group in 1971. In 1973, with some of the original Tijuana Brass members, he added new members and called it the T.J.B. This new version of the Brass released two albums in 1974 and 1975 and toured. Alpert would reconvene the Brass in 1984 for the Bullish album and tour.

Throughout, Alpert (through his A&M label) signed artists and produced records. Among the artists he worked with personally are Chris Montez, The Carpenters, Sergio Mendes and Brasil '66, Bill Medley, Lani Hall and Janet Jackson (featured vocalist on his 1987 hit single "Diamonds").

In the 1970s, Alpert enjoyed a successful solo career, which resulted in his biggest instrumental hit, "Rise" (from the album of the same name), which went number one in October of 1979 and won a Grammy Award.

Alpert and A&M Records partner Jerry Moss received a Grammy Trustees Award in 1997 for their lifetime achievements in the recording industry as executives.

For his contribution to the recording industry, Herb Alpert has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6929 Hollywood Blvd. Moss also has a star on the Walk of Fame.

Alpert and Jerry Moss are going to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006 as nonperformer lifetime achievers for their work at A&M.

Today
Currently, his creative energies are focused on abstract expressionist painting, and Broadway theater. His production of Tony Kushner's Angels in America won a Tony award.

In the 1980s he created The Herb Alpert Foundation and The Alpert Awards in the Artists with Cal State. The Foundation supports youth and arts education as well as environmental issues.

Although he has not released an album of new material since 1999's "Colours", he is very much involved in the reissue of his past albums. In 2000, Alpert bought back the rights to his music from Universal Music (current owners of A&M Records), and began remixing and remastering his albums for CD reissue. In 2005, Shout! Factory began distributing digitally remastered versions of Alpert's A&M output, including a new album consisting of unreleased material from Alpert's Tijuana Brass.

He continues to be a guest artist for friends like Gato Barbieri, Rita Coolidge, Jim Brickman, Brian Culbertson and David Lanz.

See also

- List of number-one hits (United States)

- List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (US)

- List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)

- List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

External links

- [http://www.herbalpert.com Official site]

- [http://herb-alpert.tripod.com herb alpert - fansite]

- [http://www.onamrecords.com/Alpert_Special_Feature.html Herb Alpert: Artist & Musician]

- [http://movietome.com/movietome/servlet/MovieMain/movieid-124093/Herb_Alpert_Music_for_Your_Eyes/ Herb Alpert: Music for Your Eyes]

- [http://www.spotlightpr.freeservers.com/custom4.html Press Release: Herb Alpert: Music for Your Eyes]

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A&M Records

A&M Records is a record label formed in 1962 by Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss. Their first choice for a name was Carnival Records and they released two singles under that name before they learned another label had taken the Carnival name first. Alpert and Moss changed the name to "A&M." Over the years, A&M added specialty imprints, Omen Records (1964-1966) for soul, Horizon Records for jazz (1974-1978) and Vendetta Records (1988-1990) as a dance record imprint.

A&M releases were issued in the United Kingdom by Pye Records until 1967. A&M Records, Ltd. was established in 1970 and distribution was still handled by other labels with a presence in Europe. In 1970 A&M Records of Canada, Ltd. was formed and A&M Records of Europe in 1977.

A&M has a long history of distributing records for other labels, including Dark Horse Records (1974-1976), IRS Records (1979-1985), Windham Hill Records (and their subsidiary labels) (1982-1985), Gold Mountain Records (1983-1985), Word Records (and their subsidiary labels) (1985-1990), Cypress Records (1988-1990 and Perspective Records (1990-1996). A&M also distributed Ode Records internationally from 1970-1975 and Shelter Records in Great Britain.

A&M was sold to PolyGram in 1989 for about half a billion dollars. In 1998, PolyGram merged with Universal and A&M was made part of the Interscope Records Division, which also includes Geffen Records. Universal Music Group is owned by the French water company Vivendi.

From 1966 to 1999, A&M Records was located on the grounds of the historic Charlie Chaplin Studio near the corner of Sunset and La Brea Blvds. in Hollywood, California (the A&M office is now the location of Jim Henson Productions and the recording studio is now Henson Recording Studios).

Artists signed to A&M Records

- 16 Horsepower

- .38 Special

- Bryan Adams

- Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass

- Joan Armatrading

- Atlantic Starr

- Hoyt Axton

- Burt Bacharach

- Bad Boys Inc

- Joan Baez

- Julius Wechter & The Baja Marimba Band

- Arthur Baker

- Gato Barbieri

- George Benson

- Big Pig

- Big Sugar

- Black

- Black Eyed Peas

- The Blue Nile

- Blues Traveler

- The Bluetones

- Boy Meets Girl

- Elkie Brooks

- Brothers Johnson

- Dennis Brown

- Sam Brown

- Chris de Burgh

- Burlap To Cashmere

- Butterfly Boucher

- John Cale

- The Captain & Tennille

- Captain Sensible

- Carpenters

- Kim Carnes

- A Certain Ratio

- Don Cherry

- Jimmy Cliff

- China Crisis

- Bruce Cockburn

- Joe Cocker

- Cold

- Concrete Blonde

- Rita Coolidge

- Chris Cornell

- David Crosby

- Sheryl Crow

- E.G. Daily

- Michael Damian

- Del Amitri

- Dennis DeYoung

- Jim Diamond

- Dishwalla

- Dodgy

- The Dream Syndicate

- Judith Durham

- Extreme

- Face to Face

- Fairport Convention

- Falco

- Flying Burrito Brothers

- For Real

- Free

- Gallagher & Lyle

- Giant

- Gin Blossoms

- The Go-Go's

- Lesley Gore

- Amy Grant

- Al Green

- Henry Gross

- Gun

- Murray Head

- John Hiatt

- Hudson-Ford

- The Human League

- Humble Pie

- Janet Jackson

- Joe Jackson

- Chas Jankel

- Antonio Carlos Jobim

- Howard Johnson

- Booker T. Jones

- Kitchens of Distinction

- Jerry Knight

- Annabel Lamb

- Jonny Lang

- Denis Leary

- Claudine Longet

- Ashley MacIsaac

- Chuck Mangione

- Hugh Masekela

- Glenn Medeiros

- Sergio Mendes

- Mental As Anything

- Lee Michaels

- Monster Magnet

- Chris Montez

- The Move

- Gerry Mulligan

- Michael Murphey

- MxPx

- Mya (singer)

- Milton Nascimento

- Hazel O'Connor

- Phil Ochs

- One 2 Many

- Jeffrey Osborne

- CeCe Peniston

- Fred Penner

- The Police

- Iggy Pop

- Billy Preston

- Pussycat Dolls

- Raffi

- Bonnie Raitt

- Jimmie Rodgers

- The Ronettes

- Feargal Sharkey

- Ben Sidran

- Soundgarden

- Stealers Wheel

- Cat Stevens

- Sting

- The Stranglers

- The Strawbs

- Styx

- Andy Summers

- Andy Summers and Robert Fripp

- Supertramp

- Therapy?

- Ike & Tina Turner

- Barry White

- Bill Withers

- Gary Wright

- Bill Wyman

----
The Sex Pistols were singed very briefly to the label from March 10, 1977, to March 16, 1977. The contract was terminated because the Sex Pistols apparently threw a wild party in the A&M offices and caused damage.

See also

- List of record labels

External links

- [http://www.onamrecords.com/ On A&M Records] - search every artist and release from A&M Records and its affiliates

- [http://www.amcorner.com/ A&M Corner] - The internet's original A&M Records collector/listener resource
Category:Vivendi Universal subsidiaries
Category:Record labels

Peter Arbogast
Peter Arbogast (born December 5, 1954) is an American sportscaster, born in Chicago, Illinois but grew up mostly in Los Angeles, California. He is a graduate of John Marshall High School and the University of Southern California.

Arbogast, who is the son of legendary radio DJ and cartoon voiceover Bob Arbogast, began his broadcasting career in 1978 working for several radio stations in Idaho and central California before landing his first job as the radio announcer for the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers in 1984. The year before, Arbogast joined station KNX as a sportscaster and part-time newscaster, where he remained for 12 years. Among other things, Arbogast provided coverage of the 1984 Summer Olympics and was the public address announcer at Dodger Stadium from 1988 until 1994. He also worked with station KFI and was a news director at now-defunct K-News AM 540/1260 in 1996.

"Arbo", as he is nicknamed, however is best known as the radio play by play voice of the University of Southern California's football team, which he has followed since the early 1960s. He announced both football and basketball games for USC from 1989 until 1995 (replacing the legendary voice of USC Sports, Tom Kelly, who moved to television). Arbogast was ousted as the voice of the Trojans by Larry Kahn who purchased the radio rights to football and basketball from KNX -- then named himself as the play-by-play announcer and moving the broadcasts to the old KMPC AM-710. Pete however went on to broadcast several college football games nationally on Westwood One for two seasons, including a few games involving USC, as well as working with now-defunct news station KNNS/KNNZ AM 540/1260, and a short stint with the then-Los Angeles Ice Dogs hockey team.

In 1997, Arbogast, having done auditions for radio jobs with the NBA's Sacramento Kings and NFL's Arizona Cardinals, landed his first NFL announcing job, as the play-by-play announcer for the Cincinnati Bengals, replacing departed Paul Keels who moved on to Ohio State. Arbogast, who was paired with analyst Dave Lapham was replaced in 2000 by Brad Johansen when his contract was not renewed, and he eventually returned to Southern California soon thereafter.

Pete returned as the football only announcer in 2001 (replacing Lee Hacksaw Hamilton, who broadcasted Trojan games from 1998-2000 on XETRA Sports 690; Rory Markas continued on as the men's basketball announcer). Some have objected to what they perceive as Arbogast's clear bias in favor of USC especially attacking calls by the referees that go against the Trojans. One one broadcast in 2001 in a game against San Jose State, he referred to the officials as "replacement refs from the Northern League" when the officials blew a call on what should have been a fumble, in which the Trojans recovered.

Others however welcomed Arbo back with open arms, having grown tired of Hamilton's bias against USC's opponents (especially San Diego State) and calling the plays fictitiously on a regular basis.

In recent years, Arbogast auditioned for radio announcing jobs with the San Diego Chargers and Los Angeles Lakers.

Among the pet phrases (critics call them corny) Arbogast has used over the years include "How do you do!", "The fans are dressed up as seats", "Get the beads out", "It is unnn-beee-lievable", "Don't go wondering off just yet", "Well, what do you know" and "Let's clear the deck"...the latter when going into a station ID break. In recent years, Pete began using his broadcast opening phrase, "Thank you and how do you do, everyone?"

Arbogast is also known for refusing to refer to older stadiums by its current name, such as U.S. Cellular Field, Monster Park and Angel Stadium, referring to these three by its old names (New Comiskey Park, Candlestick Park and Anaheim Stadium respectively).

As of September 2005, Pete Arbogast is the play-by-play announcer for the USC football team, sports director for KMPC radio in Los Angeles, and is a youth sports coach away from broadcasting. He is also the public address announcer for all high school sporting events at John Marshall High School.

Category:Sports announcers

Hugh Beaumont

Eugene Hugh Beaumont (February 16, 1909 - May 14, 1982) was an American actor, television director, and Methodist minister. He is best known for his portrayal of the character Ward Cleaver on the popular TV series Leave It to Beaver from 1957 to 1963.

Eugene Hugh Beaumont was born in Lawrence, Kansas and after graduating from high school he attended the University of Chattanooga where he played football. He later studied at the University of Southern California, and graduated with a Master of Theology degree in 1946. He married Kathryn Adams in 1942 and they had 3 children. He was an ordained Methodist Church minister.

Beaumont began his career in show business by performing in theaters, nightclubs, and on the radio in 1931. He began acting in motion pictures in 1940, and had appeared in over 3 dozen films before taking his best-known role as philosophy-dispensing suburban dad Ward Cleaver on the popular sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver, which premiered on October 4, 1957, and ran until September, 1963 for a total of 234 half hour performances on network television. The first season the show was on CBS, and the next five on ABC.

Not only did Beaumont act in Leave It to Beaver, but he also wrote and directed several episodes. His portrayal as Ward Cleaver ranked #28 in TV Guides list of the "50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time" in the June 20, 2004 issue.

After Leave It to Beaver went off the air in the fall of 1963, Beaumont appeared in many community theater productions and did a few guest roles on TV shows like Mannix, The Virginian, Wagon Train and Petticoat Junction.

Hugh Beaumont retired from show business in the late 1960s, launching a second career as a successful Christmas tree farmer. He was forced to slow down after suffering a stroke in 1972. Ten years later, Beaumont died suddenly of a heart attack on May 14, 1982, while visiting his son, a psychology professor, in Munich, Germany. He was 73 years old.

External links

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John Beradino

John Beradino, born John Berardino (May 1, 1917 - May 19, 1996), was an American infielder in Major League Baseball and an actor. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Beradino is often mentioned as having appeared in the silent Our Gang comedies produced by Hal Roach as a child actor, but has not been identified as having appeared in any of the existing films.

After attending the University of Southern California, where he played baseball under coach Sam Barry, he was a major league player from 1939 to 1953, save for three years of military service during World War II (1942-1945). He played second base and shortstop for the St. Louis Browns, Cleveland Indians, and Pittsburgh Pirates. The 1948 Indians won the World Series. After injuring his leg in 1953, he retired from baseball and returned to acting, having appeared in his first film in 1948.

After appearing in more than a dozen B-movies, as well a supporting role as FBI agent Steve Daniels in the espionage series I Led Three Lives, he was offered the role of Dr. Steve Hardy on the soap opera General Hospital. He played the role from the show's inception in 1963 until his death in 1996.

For his contribution to the television industry, Beradino has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Blvd.

Note
Known as Johnny Berardino during his baseball career, he was also credited during his acting career as John Baradino, John Barardino or John Barradino.

External links

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- [http://www.vintagecardtraders.com/virtual/52topps/52topps-253.jpg The Virtual Card Collection - Johnny Berardino, 1952 Topps Card # 252]

Beradino, John
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Richard Biggs
]]

Richard "Rick" Biggs (born March 18, 1960; died May 22, 2004) was an American television and stage actor, best known for his roles on the television series Days of Our Lives and Babylon 5.

Born in Columbus, Ohio, Biggs attended the University of Southern California on scholarship, studying theatre. He briefly taught at a Los Angeles high school before landing his first major television role, that of Dr. Marcus Hunter on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. Biggs played Hunter from 1987 to 1992.

Biggs then landed the role of Dr. Stephen Franklin on the hit science fiction series Babylon 5 (1994-1998). After Babylon 5, he played roles on Any Day Now and Strong Medicine, as well as the recurring role of Clayton Boudreaux on the soap opera Guiding Light.

Biggs' stage credits include The Tempest, Cymbeline and The Taming of the Shrew.

Biggs was diagnosed with hearing problems when he was 13, and was partially deaf in one ear, completely deaf in the other. He frequently used his celebrity status off-camera to raise money for the Aliso Academy, a private school in Rancho Santa Margarita, California that serves both deaf and hearing childen.

Biggs died suddenly in his home in Los Angeles of a tear in his aorta on May 22, 2004. He is survived by a wife and two sons.

At the time, he was a regular on the television series Strong Medicine; following his death, his character was killed in an unseen traffic accident. Biggs' final film appearance was in We Interrupt This Program, a short film released as a companion piece to the 2004 remake of Dawn of the Dead.

External links

- [http://www.richardbiggs.com/ Official web site]

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- [http://www.jmsnews.com/msg.aspx?id=1-17099 Death Announcement by J. Michael Straczynski]

- [http://www.zteamproductions.com/b5stuff/RickBiggs.html Richard Biggs Memorial Video by John E. Hudgens]

Biggs, Richard
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Art Buchwald
Arthur "Art" Buchwald (born October 20, 1925) is an American humorist best known for his long-running column in The Washington Post newspaper, which concentrates on political satire and commentary. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Outstanding Commentary in 1982 and in 1986 was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.

Buchwald is also known for the Buchwald v. Paramount lawsuit, which he and partner Alain Bernheim filed against Paramount Pictures in 1988 in a controversy over the Eddie Murphy movie Coming to America. Buchwald claimed Paramount had stolen his script idea. He won, was awarded damages, and then accepted a settlement from Paramount. The case was the subject of a 1992 book, Fatal Subtraction: The Inside Story of Buchwald V. Paramount by Pierce O'Donnell and Dennis McDougal.

Biography

Art Buchwald is the son of Joseph Buchwald, a curtain manufacturer, and has three sisters Alice, Edith and Doris. He grew up in a residential community in the Queens Borough of New York City. He did not graduate high school, and left home to join the Marines when he was 17.

From October 1942 to October 1945, he served with the U.S. Marine Corps, attached to the Fourth Marine Air Wing. He spent two years in the Pacific Theater and was discharged from the service as a sergeant.

On his return, Buchwald enrolled at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles on the G.I. Bill. At USC he was managing editor of the campus magazine Wampus; he also wrote a column for the college newspaper, the Daily Trojan.

In 1948 he left USC, without earning a degree, and bought a one-way ticket to Paris. Eventually, Buchwald got a job as a correspondent for Variety Magazine in Paris. In January 1949, he took a sample column, on which he had been working, to the offices of the European edition of The New York Herald Tribune. Titled Paris After Dark, it was filled with scraps of offbeat information about Parisian nightlife. Buchwald was hired and joined the editorial staff. His column caught on quickly, and Buchwald followed it in 1951 with another column, Mostly About People. They were fused into one under the title Europe’s Lighter Side.

Buchwald’s columns soon began to recruit readers on both sides of the Atlantic. On August 24, 1959, TIME magazine, in reviewing the history of the European edition of The Herald Tribune, reported that Buchwald’s column had achieved an "institutional quality." The column in which Buchwald explains Thanksgiving Day to the French people in 1953 is reprinted every November with ceremonial regularity.

Buchwald returned to the United States in 1962 and is at present syndicated by Tribune Media Services. His column appears in some 300 newspapers.

Buchwald has written some 30 books, including Leaving Home (Putnam, 1994); I’ll Always Have Paris (Putnam, 1995); I think I Don’t Remember (Putnam, 1987); and Stella in Heaven: Almost a Novel (Putnam, 2000).

Buchwald has three children and currently lives in Washington, D.C.

In 2000, at age 74, Buchwald suffered a stroke that left him in the hospital for over 2 months. With much therapy, he has since largely recovered.

External links

- [http://wiredforbooks.org/artbuchwald/ 1983 audio interview of Art Buchwald, RealAudio]

- [http://wnyc.vo.llnwd.net/o1/lopate/lopate100505d.mp3 Leonard Lopate interviews Art Buchwald (5 October 2005), MP3]

Buchwald, Art
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Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize is a United States award regarded as the highest honor in print journalism. The award also honors literary achievements and musical compositions. The very first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded on June 4, 1917, and in recent times, they are announced each year, in the month of April.

Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board officially administered by Columbia University in the United States. The prize was established by Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian-American journalist and newspaper publisher in the late 19th century.

The name Pulitzer is often mispronounced as "pew-litser." The correct pronunciation, according to administrators of the prize, should sound like the phrase, "Pull it, sir."

Another misnomer is the term Pulitzer nominee. Many authors and journalists claim to be nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, when in fact they are merely unsuccessful entrants who did nothing more than pay the entry fee. According to the Pulitzer administrators, only the nominated finalists chosen by Pulitzer juries, usually three per category, are entitled to be called Pulitzer nominees, or finalists.

Awards are given out in categories relating to journalism, arts and letters. Only published reports and photographs by United States-based newspapers or daily news organizations are eligible for the journalism prize.

These are the Pulitzer Prize category definitions in the 2004 competition:

- Beat Reporting - For a distinguished example of beat reporting characterized by sustained and knowledgeable coverage of a particular subject or activity.

- Breaking News Reporting - For a distinguished example of local reporting of breaking news.

- Breaking News Photography / Spot News Photography - For a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or an album.

- Commentary - For distinguished commentary.

- Criticism - For distinguished criticism.

- Editorial Cartooning - For a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons published during the year, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of drawing, and pictorial effect.

- Editorial Writing - For distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction.

- Explanatory Reporting - For a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject, lucid writing and clear presentation.

- Feature Photography - For a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or an album.

- Feature Writing - For a distinguished example of feature writing giving prime consideration to high literary quality and originality.

- International Reporting - For a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence.

- Investigative Reporting - For a distinguished example of investigative reporting by an individual or team, presented as a single article or series.

- National Reporting - For a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs.

- Public Service - For a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper through the use of its journalistic resources which may include editorials, cartoons, and photographs, as well as reporting.

There are also five letters (books) categories:

- Biography or Autobiography - For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author.

- Fiction - For distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.

- General Non-Fiction - For a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author that is not eligible for consideration in any other category.

- History - For a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.

- Poetry - For a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author.

There are two other humanities categories that have been added:

- Drama

- Music

There have also been a number of Special Citations and Awards.

In addition to the prizes, Pulitzer travelling fellowships are awarded to four outstanding students of the Graduate School of Journalism as selected by the faculty.

Discontinued awards
Over the years, awards have been discontinued either because they have been expanded, renamed, or made obsolete by technology. They include:

- Correspondence

- Explanatory Journalism (became Explanatory Reporting)

- General News Reporting

- Local General Spot News Reporting

- Local Investigative Specialized Reporting

- Local Reporting

- Local Reporting, Edition Time

- Local Reporting, No Edition Time

- Photography

- Telegraphic Reporting - International (became Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting)

- Telegraphic Reporting - National (became Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting)

- the Novel (became Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

Winners

The Pulitzer Prize and popular culture

- In the LucasArts graphical adventure game Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders (1988), a journalist named Zack McCracken tries to win the Pulitzer Prize.

- In the ABC soap opera All My Children the character Edmund Grey (John Callahan) was a Pulitzer Prize winning journalist.

- Homer Simpson won the Pulitzer for publishing a gossip internet page in an episode of The Simpsons.

- In the short-lived series The Critic (and also revealed on The Simpsons), Jay Sherman spends the latter part of an episode seeking a second Pulitzer Prize.

- In the DC Comics universe, Clark Kent has been described as a Pulitzer Prize winner.

External links

- [http://www.pulitzer.org Pulitzer Prize website]

- [http://book.awardannals.com/award/pulitzer/fiction/topbooks Most honored Pulitzer Prize finalists]

- [http://www.newseum.org/pulitzer/main.htm Newseum Pulitzer Prize Photographs]

Category:Prizes
Category:Journalism awards

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Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism

ja:ピューリッツァー賞

Harold Budd
Harold Budd (born May 24, 1936) is an American ambient/avant-garde composer. Born in Los Angeles, California, he was raised in the Mojave Desert, and was inspired at an early age by the humming tone caused by wind blown across telephone wires.
His career as a composer began in 1962. In the following years he gained a notable reputation in the local avant-garde community. In 1966 he graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in musical composition.

As his career progressed, his compositions became increasingly minimal. Among his more experimental works were two drone pieces, "Coeur d'Orr" and "Oak of the Golden Dream". "Oak of the Golden Dream" was based on the Balinese "Slendro" scale.
After composing a long-form gong solo titled "Lirio", he felt he had reached the limits of his experiments in minimalism and the avant-garde. He retired temporally from composition in 1970 and began a teaching career at the California Institute of the Arts.

Two years later, while still retaining his teaching career, he resurfaced as a composer. Spanning from 1972-1975 he created four individual works under the collective title The Pavilion of Dreams. The style of these works was an unusual blend of popular jazz and the avant-garde. In 1976 he resigned from the institute and began recording his new compositions, produced by British ambient pioneer Brian Eno. Two years later Harold Budd's debut album The Pavilion of Dreams was released.

Since then he has developed a unique and powerful style of ambient music. His two collaborations with Brian Eno, The Plateaux of Mirror and The Pearl, established his trademark atmospheric piano style. In Lovely Thunder he introduced subtle electronic textures. His thematic 2000 release The Room saw a return to a more minimalist approach.

Discography

- 1978 The Pavilion of Dreams

- 1980 The Plateaux of Mirror (with Brian Eno)

- 1981 The Serpent (in Quicksilver)(EP)

- 1982 Abandoned Cities

- 1984 The Pearl (with Brian Eno)

- 1986 Lovely Thunder

- 1986 The Moon and The Melodies (with Cocteau Twins)

- 1987 Myths 3: La Nouvelle Serenite (with Gavin Bryars & Jon Hassell)

- 1988 The White Arcades

- 1991 By the Dawns Early Light (with Bill Nelson)

- 1992 Music for 3 Pianos (with Daniel Lentz & Ruben Garcia)

- 1994 She is a Phantom

- 1994 Through the Hill (with Andy Partridge)

- 1995 Agua (compilation)

- 1995 Glyph (with Hector Zazou)

- 1996 Walk Into My Voice: American Beat Poetry (with Daniel Lentz & Jessica Karraker)

- 1996 Luxa

- 2000 The Room

- 2003 La Bella Vista

- 2003 Translucence/Drift Music (with John Foxx)

- 2004 Avalon Sutra/As Long As I Can Hold My Breath

- 2005 Music For "Fragments From The Inside" (with Eraldo Bernocchi)

- 2005 Mysterious Skin (original Soundtrack) (with Robin Guthrie)

See also

- Electronic music

- Ambient music

- Brian Eno
External links

- http://www.newalbion.com/artists/buddh

- http://www.atlantic-records.com/haroldbudd/

- http://www.samadhisound.com

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ja:ハロルド・バッド

Ambient
Ambient music is a loosely defined musical genre that incorporates elements of a number of different styles - including jazz, electronic music, new age, rock and roll, modern classical music, reggae, traditional, world and even noise. It is chiefly identifiable as having an overarching atmospheric context.

History

The term was first coined by Brian Eno in the late 1970s to refer to music that would envelop the listener without drawing attention to itself, that can be either "actively listened to with attention or as easily ignored, depending on the choice of the listener". Hence, Brian Eno is considered the father of ambient music: his 1978 release Ambient 1: Music for Airports includes a manifesto describing this music. Although having coined the word "ambient", he is also quick to reference the works and influence of Erik Satie. Sometimes associated with elevator music and Muzak, it is more often similar to mood music or an ambient background in movie and radio sound effects. Often listeners will forget they are listening to ambient music, which is one of the biggest attractions of the genre. It can be any musical style, including jazz, electronic music and modern classical music.

Retrospectively, some of the works of the 20th century French composer Erik Satie, today best known for his Trois Gymnopédies suite, can be regarded as predecessors of modern ambient music. He referred to some of his music as 'furniture music' (or more literally, 'music for the furniture') and 'music to mingle with knives and forks', referring to something that could be played during dinner and would simply create an atmosphere for that activity rather than be the focus of attention. The invention of the theremin in the early 20th century is also considered an important influence on the later development of ambient music. Similarly some of the works of the French composer Edgar Varèse, who used the theremin extensively in his compositions as well as atonal techniques and non-standard time signatures, can also be viewed as predecessors of ambient music.

Early albums from the 1970s by Tangerine Dream, such as Phaedra (1974), have greatly influenced the genre. Also the album Sonic Seasonings (1972) by Wendy Carlos has been important. Other early artists such as Kraftwerk, Jean-Michel Jarre and Vangelis in the 1970s and Ray Buttigieg, Ray Lynch and Mannheim Steamroller in the 1980s, all of which were considered New Age or Space Age, also influenced the growth of ambient electronic music.

Purely ambient music is traditionally beatless. In the late 1980s and early 1990s ambient music underwent a resurgence with the reconciliation of rhythm with the dreamy, meandering reverb of the first (late 1970s - 1980s) wave of ambient music. Under the guise of various styles, ambient electronic music (sometimes referred to as ambient techno or ambient dub) saw the birth of a new wave of electronic music in the works of artists like The Orb, Aphex Twin and the Irresistible Force.

In the midst of the 1990s, ambient music encountered a lasting change that eventually evolved the genres of IDM, trance, synthpop, downtempo and so on. The majority of the leading ambient groups in the 1990s were either English, Irish, or Scottish. Richard D. James AKA Aphex Twin AKA Polygon Window AKA AFX broke the ice and sunk ambient/dance/experimental IDM music into the mainstream. FSOL Future Sound of London duo, already experienced with the forming genre, had become introduced into the mainstream with Lifeforms as well as the darker ISDN. Another British electronic duo, Autechre, furthered the new beat ambient genre with a more uptempo Incunabula 1994 and Amber 1995. The Scottish duo, Boards of Canada was soon to follow with a more decimated aureal exhibit then their antecedents.

Styles of ambient music

Organic ambient music

Organic ambient music is characterised by integration of electronic, electric, and acoustic musical instruments.
Aside from the usual electronic music influences, organic ambient tends to incorporate influences from world music, especially drone instruments and hand percussion. Organic ambient is intended to be more harmonious with nature than with the disco. Some of the artists in this sub-genre include Robert Rich, Steve Roach, Vidna Obmana, Numina, O Yuki Conjugate and Tuu.

Some works by ambient pioneers such as Brian Eno, which use a combination of traditional (such as piano) and electronic instruments would be considered organic ambient music in this sense.

Nature inspired ambient music

The music is composed from samples and recordings of naturally occurring sounds. Sometimes these samples can be treated to make them more instrument-like. The samples may be arranged in repetitive ways to form a conventional musical structure or may be random and unfocused. Sometimes the sound is mixed with urban or "found" sounds. Examples include much of Biosphere's Substrata, Mira Calix's insect music and Chris Watson's Weather Report. Some overlap occurs between organic ambient and nature inspired ambient.

Isolationist ambient music

Isolationist ambient music is perhaps the darkest, most mysterious of ambient music. Inspired by industrial music, noise music, and classical music, isolationist may be too intense for the average listener. The Sombient label is the primary purveyor of isolationist ambient, in particular with the "drones" compilation series. Some of the artists known for this style of ambient music include Robert Fripp, Vidna Obmana, Jeff Greinke, Naut Humon, Iszoloscope, and [http://closedeyevisuals.com/dysphor Dysphor]

Notable artists and works in chronological order

Main article: List of ambient artists

Artist name Influential works Time period

Erik Satie Furniture music 1917-1923

Edgar Varèse Ecuatorial 1930s

Wendy Carlos Sonic Seasonings 1972

Tangerine Dream Zeit
Phaedra

Rubycon

Stratosfear
1972-1976

Gong Radio Gnome Invisible (trilogy):

The Octave Doctors and the Crystal Machine (from Flying Teapot)

A Sprinkling of Clouds (from You)
1973-1974

Brian Eno Another Green World

Discreet Music

Ambient 1: Music For Airports

No_Pussyfooting

Evening Star

Ambient 4: On Land

Possible Musics: Fourth World (with Jon Hassell)

Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks 1975-

Klaus Schulze Timewind

Moondawn

Mirage

X 1975-1978

Deuter Call of the Unknown. 1970s -
1980s

Ray Buttigieg Compucircuit 0.008m/s

Ether

Mechanism of Thought

Music for Movies 1978-1983

Constance Demby Novus Magnificat
1978-

Steve Roach Structures from Silence

The Magnificent Void

Quiet Music 1983-

Wally Badarou Echoes. 1980s

The Orb The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld
U.F.Orb 1989-1991

KLF Chill Out 1990

Future Sound of London ISDN
Lifeforms
Dead Cities 1992-1998

Aphex Twin Selected Ambient Works 85-92

Selected Ambient Works Vol. 2 1992-1994

Global Communication 76:14 1994

Moby AKA Voodoo Child Ambient

The End of Everything 1993-1997

Björk Homogenic

Vespertine 1997-2001

Pete Namlook Silence I
Air I
Air II
Outland 1992 -

Autechre Amber 1994
Biosphere Microgravity

Substrata
Substrata 2 1991 - 2004

[http://www.tcobambient.com True Colour Of Blood] The Significance Of Secrecy

(a b s e n c e) 1997-

Karlheinz Essl fLOW

SEELEWASCHEN 1998 - 2004

William Basinski The River

The Disintegration Loops 1998-

Telomere Music Astral Currents

Zoetosis 1998, 2001

Chillage People Yellow

Solid Water 1998 - 2004

One Umbrella Solve 2005

FiRES WERE SHOT solace 2005

See also

- List of ambient artists

- Intelligent dance music (IDM)

- glitch

External links and references

- [http://www.dreamstate.to/links.htm Ambient Music Resources] dreamSTATE's anotated guide to the most relevant ambient music mega-sites.

- [http://www.ambient.us Ambient.us] Guide to positive ambient music, including cd reviews and forum.

- David Toop Ocean of Sound: aethertalk, ambient sound and imaginary worlds (1995) Serpent's Tail ISBN 1-85242-382-X ISBN 1852427434

- [http://www.synthtopia.com/Articles/ElectronicMusicStylesAmbi.html Ambient Music] Guide to ambient music style, including reviews of important ambient works.

- [http://www.puregoa.org/ PureGoa.org] European Psytrance and psychedelic Ambient website featuring streamed Ambient and Trance mixes.

- [http://www.synthtopia.com/Articles/25YearsofAmbientMusic-2.html 25 Years of Ambient Music] Retrospective on ambient music.
Software

- [http://www.essl.at/works/flow/download.html fLOW]: ambient soundscape generator by Karlheinz Essl (Apple Macintosh)

- [http://www.essl.at/works/seelewaschen/download.html SEELEWASCHEN]: ambient sound environment by Karlheinz Essl (Apple Macintosh)

Category:Electronic music genres
Category:Ambient music

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